Something in Common
LINNAEUS: BETWEEN SPINOZA AND ROUSSEAU?
Linnaeus’ ideas concerning God and Nature were undoubtedly not far from those of Spinoza and Rousseau:

BARUCH DE SPINOZA (1632-1677)
The philosophy of Spinoza deserves to be called Pantheism, for it holds that everything is God. There is only one substance, which is absolutely infinite and possesses infinite attributes: Deus, sive Natura (Spinoza, Ethics, 1677, pt. 1, para. 6: “God, or in other words, Nature”).

According to Spinoza, wisdom is a meditation on life: “A free man doesn’t think at all of death, and his wisdom is a meditation not of death but on life.” (Éthique, 4e partie, proposition 67: « Un homme libre ne pense à aucune chose moins qu’à la mort, et sa sagesse est une méditation non de la mort mais de la vie »).

“I have striven not to laugh at human actions, not to weep at them, nor to hate them, but to understand them” (Tractatus politicus, 1677, ch. 1, sect.4).

“All things excellent are as difficult as they are rare” (Ethics, 1677, pt. 5).
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)
Natural religion has no need of divine revelation but of man’s conscience and feeling.

Three illuminating quotations from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation (Émile or Of Education), 1762:

Of what I am guilty serving God after the lights that he has given to my spirit and after the sentiments that he inspires in my heart? … The greatest ideas about divinity come to us only through reason. See the spectacle of nature, listen to the inner voice. Hasn’t God told everything to our eyes, to our conscience, to our understanding ?

I have never believed that God commanded me, under hell penalty, to be wise. I have thus closed all books. There’s only one open to everyone’s eyes: this is the book of nature. It is from this grand and sublime book that I learn to serve and to adore its divine author. There are no excuses for not reading it, because it talks in a language understandable to all men. If I were in a desolate island, without having seen anyone but myself, without having learnt what it was done in the past in the world, yet reasoning and making right use of the immediate faculties which God has given to me, I’d learn from myself to know him, to love him, to love his works, to want the good he wants …
The essential cult is that of the heart.
Here are Rousseau’s original words, in French, with some remarks by Jaqueline Russ:
La religion naturelle est celle qui ne recourt pas à une révélation divine mais aux donnes de la conscience et du sentiment.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation, 1762 :

« De quoi puis-je être coupable en servant Dieu selon les lumières qu’il donne a mon esprit et selon les sentiments qu’il inspire à mon cœur ? … Les plus grandes idées de la divinité nous viennent par la raison seule.[1] Voyez le spectacle de la nature,[2] écoutez la voix intérieure.[3] Dieux n’a-t-il pas tout dit à nos yeux, à notre conscience, à notre jugement ? »

« Je n’ai jamais pu croire que Dieu m’ordonnât, sous peine de l’enfer, d’être savant. J’ai donc fermé tous les livres. Il en est seul un ouvert à tous les yeux, c’est celui de la nature. C’est dans ce grand et sublime livre que j’apprends à servir et à adorer son divin auteur. Nul n’est excusable de n’y pas lire, parce qu’il parle à tous les hommes un langage intelligible à tous les esprits. Quand je serais né dans une île déserte, quand je n’aurais point vu d’autre homme que moi, quand je n’aurais jamais appris ce qui s’est fait anciennement dans un coin du monde, si j’exerce ma raison,[4] si je la cultive, si j’use bien des facultés immédiates que Dieu me donne, j’apprendrai de moi-même à le connaître, à l’aimer, à aimer ses œuvres, a vouloir le bien qu’il veut … »

« Le culte essentiel est celui du coeur.[5] »
[1] Par la raison : Dieu n’est pas seulement une manifestation du cœur mais de la raison, faculté de distinguer le vrai du faux.
[2] La nature : l’ordre sensible de l’univers.
[3] Voix intérieure : celle du cœur et de la conscience
[4] Ma raison : l’appel à une « méditation rationnelle » se poursuit.
[5] Du cœur : de la faculté immédiate de sentir, car Dieu parle au cœur de l’homme.
Conclusions
La religion naturelle est nécessaire.
L’ordre sensible de l’univers révèle Dieu, que je peux connaître par l’usage de la raison.
Une attitude pratique : primauté du cœur

La nature et le sentiment intérieur font saisir Dieu.
Consulted source: Jaqueline Russ, Les chemins de la pensée, Paris : Larousse-Bordas, 1999, p. 273. Translation into the English language: Mariano Akerman © 2007 All rights reserved.
Something in Common. Idea, research and design: Mariano Akerman (Akermariano) © 2007 All Rights Reserved. In the Spirit of Linnaeus: The Tercentenary Lectures on Science and Art, Manila 2007.

VISIT REFLECTING ON LIFE
and then you may tell me about it.
User Comments
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Then if it is a Phoenix, and it reflects "Hope", I'll have to 'adopt' it as a 'personal' symbol too.. It is very nice also, and again, I love the use of the color in the painting.. gab [SMILE][HEART] |


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Now about this post, it is very interesting (you overwhelm me with your broad culture..!). Personally, I believe in God's omnipresence, so I agree with these points of views. God's everywhere and everything.. I don't love God because of any "book" either.. I don't have to do any 'deep' research to 'find' Him.. He is in your heart, in mine, in the Nature, and He "is" you and me and the nature.. A spiritual 'journey' is something different.. But I won't get there here.. I can see that you have a special 'something' with your painting "The way I love you".. You use it a lot in your posts.. Any special reason..? As usual, a great post, gab [SMILE][HEART]